ACA FLEX Reading 16-9

Caffeine is a natural ingredient in coffee, cocoa, tea, and chocolate, and is added to some prescription and nonprescription drugs. Despite being "natural," Caffeine is also a powerful drug which greatly affects the body. In healthy, rested people, a dose of 100 milligrams (about one cup of coffee) increases alertness, banishes drowsiness, quickens reaction time, it enhances intellectual and muscular effort, and increases heart and respiratory rates. Drinking one to two cups of coffee an hour before exercise encourages the body to preserve glycogen and burn fat – something that results in greater endurance. In addition, caffeine masks fatigue. In doses above 300 milligrams, caffeine can produce sleeplessness, nervousness, irritability, headaches, heart palpitations, and muscle twitches. Caffeine is also habit-forming, and those who try to suddenly stop after heavy use may experience such withdrawal symptoms as headaches, lethargy, irritability, and difficulty in concentrating.

• ACaffeine is a powerful drug that affects the body in numerous ways.
• BCaffeine is good to drink before working out.
• CCaffeine is linked to various health concerns.
• DCaffeine is a strong drug that only enhances the body when used.

After the service sector. agriculture is the next largest contributor to Kenya's GDP. Agriculture, including fishing and forestry, accounted for 24 percent of the GDP, 18 percent of wage employment and 50 percent of export revenue. Kenya is the most industrially developed country in East Africa. Yet its manufacturing sector accounts for just 14 per cent of the GDP. Kenya has a fast growing cement production industry. It has an oil industry that processes imported crude for domestic use. In addition to this, there is small scale manufacturing of household goods, auto-parts and farm implements. This sector is becoming a major contributor to the Kenyan economy. Other industries include forestry, fishing and mining. Kenya has few minerals and the mining industry is relatively small.

• AAgriculture is the main pillar of the Kenyan Economy.
• BThe manufacturing sector of Kenya is not as strong as it should be.
• CKenya has a rapidly growing mining industry.
• DThe overall contribution of the Kenyan small sector is negligible.

At the local and state level, demanding funding for repairs and improvement to outdated transit infrastructure will greatly reduce the noise caused by trains, cars, and trucks. Urban-planning approaches to ________ (3) noise on a city-by-city basis can be as simple as taking a single lane away from cars and giving it to bicycles, people, or green space. Improving, expanding, and property funding public transit removes cars from the road, both reducing the sound they ________ (4) and replacing it with quieter options like trams and high-speed light-rail. In architecture, acoustics should play a greater ________ (5) in all structures, from mundane apartment buildings to the grandest art museums. Noise control should be a consideration from the very first planning stage, ________ (6) than tacked on as an afterthought.

A University of London team found that people who went with their initial response on a test of visual perception (questions included picking out an anomaly in a pattern of symbols) did better than those who were given more time to ponder. ________ (7) the subconscious brain recognized a rotated version of the same symbol as different, the conscious brain reasoned that 'an apple is still an apple whether rotated or not', the researchers on the project ________ (8) . When the subjects had time to engage their higher-level functions ________ (9) of relying on their intuitive responses, they were more ________ (10) to be wrong.

If you are interested in studying but have other ________ (11) , our online and distance learning courses offer an alternative flexible ________ (12) of study. Teaching is conducted through a mixture of audio-visual, written and interactive materials. There are also ________ (13) for online discussion and collaborative projects with tutors and other students. Some programs include residential ________ (14) taught on campus, giving you the chance to meet and work alongside your tutors and fellow students face-to-face. Our Graduate School provides comprehensive support for distance and part-time researchers, many of whom study for up to six years or more.

English colonies ________ (15) along the eastern seaboard for a variety of reasons. People, primarily men, originally migrated to Virginia to find gold and silver to make a quick profit. ________ (16) it became evident that there were no precious metals in the area, men came to Virginia to start cultivating cash crops like tobacco.

Opera refers to a dramatic art form, originating in Europe, in which the emotional content is conveyed to the audience as much through music, both vocal and instrumental, as it is through the lyrics. By contrast, in musical theatre an actor's dramatic performance is primary, and the music plays a lesser role. The drama in opera is presented using the primary elements of theatre such as scenery, costumes, and acting. However, the words of the opera, or libretto, are sung rather than spoken. The singers are accompanied by a musical ensemble ranging from a small instrumental ensemble to a full symphonic orchestra.

• AIt has developed under the influence of musical theatre
• BIt is a drama sung with the accompaniment of an orchestra
• CIt is not a high-budget production
• Dorchestras in it can vary considerably in size
• Emusical theatre relies above all on music
• Fmany people find musical theatre more captivating than opera
• Gmusic in musical theatre is not as important as it is in it

Dolphins are regarded as the friendliest creatures in the sea and stories of them helping drowning sailors have been common since Roman times. The more we learn about dolphins, the more we realize that their society is more complex than people previously imagined. They look after other dolphins when they are ill, care for pregnant mothers and protect the weakest in the community, as we do. Some scientists have suggested that dolphins have a language but it is much more probable that they communicate with each other without needing words. Could any of these mammals be more intelligent than man? Certainly, the most common argument in favour of man's superiority over them that we can kill them more easily than they can kill us is the least satisfactory. On the contrary, the more we discover about these remarkable creatures, the less we appear superior when we destroy them.

• Adon't want to be with us as much as we want to be with them
• Bare proven to be less intelligent than once thought
• Chave a reputation for being friendly to humans
• Dare the most powerful creatures that live in the oceans
• Edolphins have some social traits that are similar to those of humans
• Fare capable of learning a language and communicating with humans

Erosion of America's farmland by wind and water has been a problem since settlers first put the prairies and grasslands under the plow in the nineteenth century. By the 1930s, more than 282 million acres of farmland were damaged by erosion. After 40 years of conservation efforts, soil erosion has accelerated due to new demands placed on the land by heavy crop production. In the years ahead, soil erosion and the pollution problems it causes are likely to replace petroleum scarcity as the nation's most critical natural resource problem.

• Acauses humans to place new demands on the land
• Bis worse than it was in the nineteenth century
• Chappens so slowly that it is hardly noticed
• Doccurs only in areas with no vegetation
• Ecan become a more serious problem in the future

Traditionally, many linguists stressed the importance of mastering grammar structures first while teaching English. In recent years, the majority of educators have become more aware of the fallacy of this approach and other approaches promoting vocabulary development have gained popularity. It has been found out without vocabulary to put on top of the grammar system, the learners can actually say very little despite being able to manipulate complex grammatical structures in exercise drills. It is obvious that to learn English, one needs to learn many words. Native speakers have a vocabulary of about 20,000 words but foreign learners of English need far fewer. They need only about 5,000 words to be quite competent in speaking and listening. The reason for this seemingly small number is the nature of words and the frequency with which they appear in a language. It seems clear that frequent words should be among the first words to learn because they will be met most of ten and will be needed in speech or writing.

• Aa great number of educators today believe that mastering grammar points is more important than learning words while studying a foreign language
• Bgrammar drills are effective in teaching the most frequently encountered English words
• Can approach based on mastering grammar structures first to teach English is at most unlikely to find supporters today
• Dthe learners of English are required to learn all grammar structures perfectly in order to make themselves understood by foreigners
• Ethe number of English words which must be learned to communicate with a foreigner exceeds 20,000
• FIn English language teaching, most educators are not in favour of the traditional approach having dominated the language teaching field once anymore