Reading Bổ Trợ 11-9

According to the United States Centers of Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta, Georgia, everybody who is at least six months old should get a u shot this year. This recommendation was first made last year. The AARP Bulletin reports that a vaccine called Fluzone High-Dose is now available, designed especially for people aged 65 years and older. Because older people produce less robust immune responses than younger people, scientists have produced this vaccine to give them better protection against the influenza virus. This is important because cases of the u can involve very serious complications for older persons.

• AThere is now a special high-dose u shot just for older people.
• BEveryone over six months old should get a u shot this year.
• CPeople over 65 years of age are more likely to contract the flu.
• DDue to complications, no u shot can protect an older person.

Stump-Up was invented in 1986 by Tokyo Beverages Owner Okawa Bhery. The name for the product was actually proposed by Okawa's assistant, Fizzy Brewndon. The name was taken from the two most unusual ingredients in the drink, the Canadian banana leaf and the Asian stump root. The recipe for today's Stump-Up is very well guarded. Many of the ingredients are known; in addition to banana leaves and stump root, they include strawberry, cocoa, lemon, cinnamon, nuts, vanilla, caramel, salts and sugar. The proportions of the ingredients and the identity of Stump's secret ingredients are known by only a few of the Stump-Up Company's very senior scientists and Vice¬Presidents.

• ANo one knows the exact proportions of ingredients used in Stump-Ups.
• BThe public does not know how many stump roots are used in a batch of Stump-Ups.
• CThe public is not sure that banana leaves are used in Stump-Ups.
• DThe public knows all the ingredients in Stump-Ups.

Just by looking at images of Earth from space, it's clear that the ocean is a significant piece of the Earth's story. In fact, the ocean represents over 70% of the Earth's surface and contains 97% of all water on Earth. The ocean stores heat like a "fly wheel" for climate. Its huge capacity as a heat and water reservoir moderates the climate of Earth. Within this Earth system, both the physical and biological processes of the ocean play a key role in the water cycle, the carbon cycle, and climate variability. Even if you live nowhere near the ocean, you will still experience the ocean's influence in our Earth system.

• AThe ocean plays a vital role in life on earth.
• BThe ocean is only a minor part of the life cycle on earth.
• CThe ocean only influences the lives of people living near it.
• DThe ocean plays no part in the earth's climate.

Most children have an interest in learning to play a musical instrument at one point or another during their growing- up years. Parents need to take advantage of that urge to play when it appears. Some very small children become intrigued with music because they see their parents or their older siblings play. The Suzuki method of instruction capitalizes on that early willingness to learn by involving the parent and the child in the child's instructions. Elementary-aged youngsters often are exposed to stringed instruments or band instruments in their school music classes. Because kids like to do what other kids do, parents who are not musicians themselves can take advantage of both instruction and enthusiasm. It is at the middle school level, however, that peer pressure can really work to the benefit of parents who want to hear the sound of music around the house.

• AMost children have an interest in learning to play a musical instrument during their growing-up years.
• BSome very small children become intrigued with music because they see their parents or siblings play.
• CAt various points, parents can take advantage of their children's desire to play a musical instrument.
• DMiddle-school children take delight at selecting and learning to play an instrument along with their friends

Books and articles highlighting intractable debt, poverty and development abound in both the academic and popular literature. This addition to the debate is both timely and interesting ________ (5) it subsumes the economic debate to the broader social, political, environmental and institutional context of debt in developing countries. Debt-for-Development Exchanges: History and New Applications ________ (6) for a wide audience including: academics from a range of disciplines (including accounting and finance); non-Government organisations (NGOs); civil society groups; and, both debtor and creditor governments and public sector organization. Professor Ross Buckley, author and editor ________ (7) an international profile in the area of debt relief and this book is the outcome of an Australian Research Council (ARC) Discovery grant to explore debt-for development mechanisms that relieve debt, improve development outcomes ________ (8) aid, are practically and politically attractive to creditors and ________ (9) to regional security.

A University of London team found that people who went with their initial response on a test of visual perception (questions included picking out an anomaly in a pattern of symbols) did better than those who were given more time to ponder. ________ (10) the subconscious brain recognized a rotated version of the same symbol as different, the conscious brain reasoned that 'an apple is still an apple whether rotated or not', the researchers on the project ________ (11) . When the subjects had time to engage their higher-level functions ________ (12) of relying on their intuitive responses, they were more ________ (13) to be wrong.

If you are interested in studying but have other ________ (14) , our online and distance learning courses offer an alternative flexible ________ (15) of study. Teaching is conducted through a mixture of audio-visual, written and interactive materials. There are also ________ (16) for online discussion and collaborative projects with tutors and other students. Some programs include residential ________ (17) taught on campus, giving you the chance to meet and work alongside your tutors and fellow students face-to-face. Our Graduate School provides comprehensive support for distance and part-time researchers, many of whom study for up to six years or more.

Break out the binoculars and telescopes on Saturday, May 19th. Because it's the first International Sidewalk Astronomy Night. "Sidewalk Astronomers" was founded in San Francisco in 1968, when a lot of people were seeing stars, and not just at night. The group's goal is to ________ (18) more people to the beauty and wonder of celestial objects with good viewing equipment and to provide ________ (19) about what the eyewitnesses are actually looking at. The most ________ (20) viewed objects are the moon; Jupiter, whose major moons are visible with good binocs; and Saturn. I once trained a cheap telescope on Saturn and some friends were so amazed at the site of the rings they seriously looked at the other end of the scope to see if I had ________ (21) it. Sidewalk Astronomy Night is indeed an international event, with dozens of public viewing sites from Beijing to the corner of 81st Street and Central Park West in Manhattan. For more info and to find a site near you, just go to the official website. And if there's no ________ (22) site near you, feel free to go outside and look at the stars anyway.

When we accept the evidence of our unaided eyes and describe the Sun as a yellow star, we have summed up the most important single fact about it-at this moment in time. It appears probable, however, that sunlight will be the colour we know for only a negligibly small part of the Sun’s history. Stars, like individuals, age and change. As we look out into space, we see around us stars at all stages of evolution. There are faint blood-red dwarfs so cool that their surface temperature is a mere 4,000 degrees Fahrenheit, there are searing ghosts blazing at 100, 000 degrees Fahrenheit and almost too hot to be seen, for the great part of their radiation is in the invisible ultraviolet range. Obviously, the “daylight” produced by any star depends on its temperature; today (and for ages to come) our Sun is at about 10,000 degrees Fahrenheit, and this means that most of the Sun’s light is concentrated in the yellow band of the spectrum, falling slowly in intensity toward both the longer and shorter light waves. That yellow “hump” will shift as the Sun evolves, and the light of day will change accordingly. It is natural to assume that as the Sun grows older, and uses up its hydrogen fuel which it is now doing at the spanking rate of half a billion tons a second- it will become steadily colder and redder.

• AThe passage is mainly about the evolutionary cycle of the Sun
• BHot stars are referred to as “ghosts because they are nearly invisible.
• CThe important thing about the Sun at the present time is that it appears yellow
• DAs the Sun continues to age, it is likely to become colder and redder in colour.
• ESun has a short history and it always remains the same.

Communication is the sharing of information. It is the power to create in the minds of others, feelings or information that you want them to have. It is the need to communicate that has given rise to speech, language, alphabets, and writing. The same need led to the invention of paper, printing presses, typewriters, and finally computers and the internet. The power to communicate in depth has allowed humans to dominate earth. The fast development of the same power has allowed human technological evolution to overtake biological and social evolution. There are three principal needs of communication. The need to communicate in presence of the receiver gave rise to speech and language. The need to communicate in one’s absence gave rise to alphabet, writing, paper, printing press, all kinds of recording devices, and finally the modern-day computer with its features. The need to communicate over a distance included everything that one needed to communicate in one’s absence, but also gave rise to signals, telegraph, telephone, the postal system and the internet.

• AWhy do we communicate?
• BHow do we communicate?
• CWhat do we communicate?
• DWhere do we communicate?
• EWhen do we communicate?

English is important not because a number of people know it, although it is a factor to be remembered. It is not important because it is the language of Milton and Shakespeare, although that also has to be considered. English is important because it is the major window on the modern world. And we dare not close that window. If we close it, we imperil our future. Be it industrialization, scientific development and technology, every door of modern knowledge will be closed if we do not have one or more foreign languages. We can have French, German or Russian, if you like, but obviously it is infinitely simpler for us to deal with a language which we know than to shift over to French, German, Russian or Spanish which will be a tremendous job. Every competent scientist today has to know two or three non-native languages. In the present age of industrialization, mechanization, scientific progress and research, we cannot progress without knowledge of English or, for that matter, French, German or Russian.

• ASince there are many in the country that can speak and understand English, the language is important for us.
• BThe literary importance of English cannot be underestimated.
• CLanguage plays an important role in research and development.
• DEnglish has today become the language of the world.
• EKnowledge of French, German or Russian is less important than knowledge of English.

The role of governments in environmental management is difficult but inescapable. Sometimes, the state tries to manage the resources it owns, and does so badly. Often, however, governments act in an even more harmful way. They actually subsidise the exploitation and consumption of natural resources. A whole range of policies, from farm-price support to protection for coal-mining, do environmental damage and (often) make no economic sense. Scrapping them offers a two-fold bonus: a cleaner environment and a more efficient economy. Growth and environmentalism can actually go hand in hand, if politicians have the courage to confront the vested interest that subsidies create. All faming activities may have damaging environmental impacts. For example, land clearing for agriculture is the largest single cause of deforestation; chemical fertilisers and pesticides may contaminate water supplies; more intensive farming and the abandonment of fallow periods tend to exacerbate soil erosion; and the spread of mono-Culture and use of high-yielding varieties of crops have been accompanied by the disappearance of old varieties of food plants which might have provided some insurance against pests or diseases in future. Soil erosion threatens the productivity of land in both rich and poor countries. The United States, where the most careful measurements have been done, discovered in 1982 that about one-fifth of its farmland is losing topsoil at a rate likely to diminish the soil’s productivity. The country subsequently embarked upon a program to convert 11 per cent of its cropped land to meadow or forest. Topsoil in India and China is vanishing much faster than in America.

• AMany countries have reduced the productivity of farmland by 20 per cent.
• BSoil erosion in the US was almost as severe as in India and China.
• CSoil erosion was causing significant damage to 20 per cent of farmland in the US.
• DSoil erosion could be reduced by converting cultivated land to meadow or forest.
• EGovernment in many countries provide financial aid to consume natural resources.

There is a place forty kilometres north-east of Portland, Victoria, which makes for an unusual visit. It is Lake Condah. Here are to be found remains of aboriginal settlements: the circular stone bases of several hundred huts, rock-lined water channels, and stone tools chipped from rock not normally found in the area. One of the attractions of Lake Condah long ago was its fish and the most startling evidence of aboriginal technology and engineering to be found there are the systems built to trap fish. Water courses had been constructed by redirecting streams, building stone sides, and even scraping out new channels. At strategic spots, they piled rocks across the water courses to create weirs and build funnels to channel eels and fish into conical baskets. This is an eel-fishing technique which has hardly changed to the present day. Beside some of the larger traps, there are the outlines of rectangular, stone-lined ponds, to hold fish and keep them fresh. On the bluffs overlooking the lake, stone circles are all that remain of ancient dwellings. Not all of the stones were quarried locally. The huts vary in size, but all have gaps for doorways located on the lee side, away from the prevailing wind. One theory is that the stone walls were only waist to shoulder high, with the top roofed by branches and possibly packed with mud. The site presents a picture of a semi-settled people quite different from the stereotype of nomadic hunter-gatherers of the desert.

• AOval shaped ponds were used to keep fish alive.
• BThe aboriginal eel fishing technique has not changed over time.
• CConical baskets were used to channel eel fish only.
• DFish was the only food source of the aboriginal people.
• EThere were some large traps to hold fish.

The first English attempts to colonize North America were controlled by individuals rather than companies. Sir Humphrey Gilbert was the first Englishman to send colonists to the New World. His initial expedition, which sailed in 1578 with a patent granted by Queen Elizabeth was defeated by the Spanish. A second attempt ended in disaster in 1583 when Gilbert and his ship were lost in a storm. In the following year, Gilbert’s half brother, Sir Water Raleigh, having obtained a renewal of the patent, sponsored an expedition that explored the coast of the region that he named “Virginia.” Under Raleigh’s direction efforts were then made to establish a colony on Roanoke Island in 1585 and 1587. The survivors of the first settlement on Roanoke returned to England in 1586, but the second group of colonists disappeared without leaving a trace. The failure of the Gilbert and Raleigh ventures made it clear that the tasks they had undertaken were too big for any one colonizer. Within a short time, the trading company had supplanted the individual promoter of colonization.

• AThe first English settlement on Roanoke Island was established in 1587.
• BSir Humphrey Gilbert never settled in North America.
• CMembers of the first Roanoke settlement explored the entire coastal region.
• DSir Walter Raleigh’s initial expedition set out for North America in 1584.
• EThe first English people established colonies in North America because they were requested to do so by Queen Elizabeth.

It is in the university that leaders of the country are trained. The university education is calculated to produce and is producing, men who will be able to play worthy part in public life. It is true that legislative and administrative capacities are developed by experience and by practical knowledge of affairs. Foundations need to be laid at a much earlier stage. It is from this university teaching that a young man should learn to examine critically the material before him, to arrive at a balanced judgment; and not to be carried away by mere catchwords. But in public affairs something more is needed than the power of criticism and intellectual judgment. It is mainly outside the classroom that the boy learns the lesson of corporate life, how to understand the views of others and to work with them, how to sacrifice cheerfully his private inclination for the common good, and how to lead others by influence rather than by authority. He learns these lessons daily by contacts in clubs and societies, in playing fields and common rooms and also not the least by the guidance of wise teachers from whom a timely word may mean so much.

• AThe classroom teaching lays the true foundation stone of a student’s future public life.
• BPlatforms for personal and group interaction are provided by the university.
• CPublic affairs demand personal sacrifices.
• DPublic life demands theoretical as well as practical knowledge.
• ETrue leaders sway rather than dictate.

Books of travel are of all kinds, from the dry records of laborious statisticians to the trivial diaries of globe-trotters. Explorers, seamen, archaeologists, naturalists, dreamers, what type of man or woman has not written a book of travel? They are read, they are forgotten and ninety-nine out of every hundred passes away into oblivion. Yet there are others. Alas! There aren’t many. Great books are rare, same as the people of genius and character are. To write a book of travel appeals irresistibly to large numbers of persons who have no creative power, whose books are the mere reflection of a shallow curiosity and of a foolish egotism. These mediocre works, though they spread a sort of suburban light upon the beautiful and wild places of earth, pale into trivialities on comparison with the achievement of the true travellers who by reason of their fortitude, their imagination, their insight and their ability to evoke the atmosphere and colour of the world, have produced books that rank as literature and last for centuries.

• AThe urge to write demands creativity on part of the writer.
• BClassics on travel and exploration have survived for centuries and will do so in future.
• CCourage is needed for travel and exploration, not so much for recounting the experiences.
• DEven the books that are not so imaginative could have nuggets of important information about people and places.
• EBooks may exhibit writer’s self-centeredness