Reading Bổ Trợ 16-9

Jupiter: Jupiter has 2-1/2 times more mass as compared to all other planets put together. Besides, its diameter is 11 times more than Earth's diameter. Because of its size, the scientists were also forced into believing that it became a star. Gasses and dust contracted to build the planet and immense pressure was created by the gravitational forces along with tens of thousands of degrees of temperature. However, unlike the Sun, the unavailability of sufficient mass required to create the temperature which can initiate fusion reaction, Jupiter relatively got cooler over a period of time.

• AComparison of Jupiter's temperature with other planets.
• BSize of Jupiter compared to other planets.
• CJupiter's development as compared to Earth over a period.
• DJupiter's development as compared to Sun.

Sometimes too much of a good thing can become a very bad thing indeed. In an earnest attempt to consume a healthy diet, dietary supplement enthusiasts have been known to overdose. Vitamin C, for example, long thought to help people ward off cold viruses, is currently being studied for its possible role in warding off cancer and other diseases that cause tissue degeneration. Unfortunately, an overdose of vitamin C - more than 10,000 mg. - on a daily basis can cause nausea and diarrhea. Calcium supplements, commonly taken by women, are helpful in warding off osteoporosis. More than just a few grams a day, however, can lead to stomach upset and even kidney or bladder stones. Niacin, proven useful in reducing cholesterol levels, can be dangerous in large doses to those who suffer from heart problems, asthma, or ulcers.

• ASupplements taken in excess can be a bad thing indeed.
• BDietary supplement enthusiasts have been known to overdose.
• CVitamins can cause nausea, diarrhea, and kidney or bladder stones.
• DPeople who take supplements are preoccupied with their health.

Birds have long played a central role in superstitions. However, the role birds have played varies greatly. While crows were thought to be in league with the devil, blue birds were usually considered signs of good fortune. Blue Jays, in contrast, were seldom assigned a positive role in superstition and legend. Most of the time, they were considered companions to the devil. According to one ancient superstition, blue jays were never seen on Fridays. Friday was their day to meet with the devil and pass on any useful gossip about souls who might be ready to go astray. Owls, in contrast, have played a number of different roles, some good, some bad. In several superstitions they are portrayed as wise counselors; in others, they are a sign that death is near.

• ADespite having the same color, blue jays and bluebirds have played very different roles in superstitions.
• BBirds turn up frequently in superstitions as signs of both good and evil.
• CHardly a superstition exists that doesn't have a bird in it.

When you want to hang the American flag over the middle of a street, suspend it vertically with the blue field (called the union) to the north and east-west street. When the flag is displayed with another banner from crossed staffs, the American flag is on the right. Place the staff of the American flag in front of the other staff. Raise the flag quickly and lower it slowly and respectfully. When flying the flag at half-mast, hoist it to the top of the pole for a moment before lowering it to mid-pole. When flying the American flag with banners from states or cities, raise the nation's banner first and lower it last. Never allow the flag to touch the ground.

• AThe American flag is the symbol of American freedom.
• BThe American flag has fifty stars.
• CPlacing the American flag inappropriately will draw government intervention.
• DThe American flag should be own differently in certain situations.
• EThe flag should be lowered quickly and respectfully.

Clones of an Eastern cottonwood (Populus deltoides) in the Bronx and other city spots grew to double the biomass of clones ________ (5) outside small towns upstate or on Long Island, says Jillian Gregg, now of the Environmental Protection Agency's western-ecology division in Corvallis, Ore. The growth gap comes from ozone damage, she and her New York colleagues report. Ozone chemists have known that concentrations may spike skyscraper high in city air, but during a full 24 hours, rural trees actually get a higher cumulative ozone exposure from urban pollution that ________ (6) in and lingers. A series of new experiments now shows that this hang-around ozone is the ________ (7) factor in tree growth, the researchers say in the July 10 Nature. "This study has profound importance in showing us most vividly that rural areas ________ (8) the price for urban pollution," says Stephen P. Long of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. "This work should be a wake-up call," he adds.

Those of you who’ve never heard the term neo-Latin, may be forgiven for thinking it’s a new South American dance craze. If you’re ________ (9) when I tell you it has something to do with the language of Romans, take heart, over the years many classes who have ________ (10) they are not really sure what it is either. Some have assumed that they are so-called ‘Late-Latin’, written at the end of the Roman Empire. Others have supposed it must have something to do with the middle ages. Or perhaps it’s that ________ (11) -Latin which my five and seven-year-old boys seem to have ________ (12) from the Harry Potter books, useful for spells and curses that they zip one another with makeshift paper ash ones. No, in fact, neo-Latin is more or less the same as the Latin that was written in the ________ (13) world, classical Latin. So, what’s so new about it?

In this role, due to their working heritage, Border Collies are very demanding, playful, and energetic. They thrive best in households that can provide them with plenty of play and exercise, either with humans or other dogs. Due to their demanding personalities and need for mental ________ (14) and exercise, many Border Collies develop problematic behaviors in households that are not able to provide for their needs. They are infamous for chewing holes in walls and furniture, and ________ (15) scraping and hole digging, due to boredom. Border Collies may exhibit a strong desire to herd, a trait they may show with small children, cats, and other dogs. The breed's herding trait has been deliberately encouraged, as it was in the dogs from which the Border Collie was developed, by selective breeding for many generations. However, being ________ (16) trainable, they can live amicably with other pets if given proper socialization training. The American Border Collie Association recommends that potential owners, before taking on the breed as a household pet, should be sure they can provide regular exercise ________ (17) with the collie's high energy and prodigious stamina. A working collie may run many miles a day, using its experience, personality and intelligence to control challenging livestock. These dogs will become ________ (18) and frustrated if left in isolation, ignored or inactive. Like many working breeds, Border Collies can be motion-sensitive and may chase moving vehicles and bicycles, but this behavior can be modified by training. Some of the more difficult behaviors require patience, as they are developmental and may disappear as the dog matures.

The iPhone is a line of touchscreen-based smartphones designed and marketed by Apple Inc. that use Apple's iOS mobile operating system. The first-generation iPhone was ________ (19) by Apple co-founder Steve Jobs on January 9, 2007. Since then Apple has periodically released new iPhone models and iOS updates. of November 1, 2018, more than 2.2 billion iPhones had been sold. The iPhone's user interface is built around a multi-touch screen with a ________ (20) keyboard. The iPhone connects to cellular networks or Wi-Fi. An iPhone can make calls, browse the web, take pictures, play music and send and receive emails and text messages. Since the iPhone's launch further features have been added, including larger screen sizes, shooting video, waterproofing and the ability to install third-party mobile apps through an app store, ________ (21) accessibility support. Up to 2017, iPhones used a layout with a single button on the front panel that returns the user to the home screen. Since 2017, more expensive iPhone models have switched to a nearly bezel-less front screen design with app switching activated by gesture ________ (22).

Some of the most remarkable beetles are the dung beetles, which spend almost their whole lives eating and breeding in dung’. More than 4,000 species of these remarkable creatures have evolved and adapted to the world’s different climates and the dung of its many animals. Australia’s native dung beetles are scrub and woodland dwellers, specialising in coarse marsupial droppings and avoiding the soft cattle dung in which bush flies and buffalo flies breed. In the early 1960s George Bornemissza, then a scientist at the Australian Government’s premier research organisation, the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), suggested that dung beetles should be introduced to Australia to control dung-breeding flies. Between 1968 and 1982, the CSIRO imported insects from about 50 different species of dung beetle, from Asia, Europe and Africa, aiming to match them to different climatic zones in Australia. Of the 26 species that are known to have become successfully integrated into the local environment, only one, an African species released in northern Australia, has reached its natural boundary. Introducing dung beetles into a pasture is a simple process: approximately 1,500 beetles are released, a handful at a time, into fresh cow pats in the cow pasture. The beetles immediately disappear beneath the pats digging and tunnelling and, if they successfully adapt to their new environment, soon become a permanent, self-sustaining part of the local ecology. In time they multiply and within three or four years the benefits to the pasture are obvious.

• ABush flies are easier to control than buffalo flies.
• BFour thousand species of dung beetle were initially brought to Australia by the CSIRO.
• CDung beetles were brought to Australia by the CSIRO over a fourteen-year period.
• DAt least twenty-six of the introduced species have become established in Australia.
• EThe dung beetles caused an immediate improvement to the quality of a cow pasture.

It is necessary to have a standard of education. We can set two sorts of standards there. First, a minimum standard below which no one is allowed to fall, in the shape of so many years of elementary education in such and such subjects. And secondly, and in a way even more important, a standard of equal opportunity for all, to ensure that no boy or girl is deprived of the chance of climbing to the top of the educational ladder through poverty or the accidents of birth. There are also standards of economic security. During the recent past, the sense of insecurity has been the single greatest cause, both of individual anxiety and frustration, and of social instability and unrest. A state must see to it that it gives to all its citizens minimum standards of security against ill health, against unemployment, against widowhood, against old age. Issues of social security are, therefore, interlinked, irrespective of whether they are in the field of basic education, basic health, employment or even protection against economic needs arising out of old age, disability etc. The state expenditure on social security is bound to fall upon the shoulders of the society at large. A society that cannot take due care of such basic needs of each and every of its members is not fit to be called in the true sense of the term.

• AEquality of opportunity is a cornerstone of the standard of education.
• BThe state is obligated to cater to the basic needs of its citizens.
• CA socially insecure person depends on the state to find a secure job.
• DIt is not possible to take the issues of health and education in isolation.
• EEvery citizen has an inherent right to climb to the top of the educational ladder.

Until widespread clearing of land began after 1861, the Tweed Valley, from the beach dunes to the mountains, was covered by dense wetland forests and rainforest. The rainforest had plenty of red cedar, which grew along the river banks and over the floodplains and foothills. Some of these trees were huge, up to sixty metres tall and as much as two thousand years old. Cedar was highly valued for its light weight, rich pink to red colours and interesting grain patterns. The tall trees provided magnificent lengths for the mills. Much early Australian furniture was made from cedar. The timber of the Tweed Valley was felled close to the river banks and then was tied and floated downstream to the river mouth for shipping to the big cities. The river provided the only means of removing the timber, because the felled trees were so bulky. By the 1870s, the cedar industry was in decline. Land cleared for farming was on the increase and easily obtainable, and large cedar trees were becoming scarce. It was purely an extractive industry, which put nothing back. Given that many original trees were thousands of years old, it would have been hundreds of years before the plantings could have been harvested in any case.

• AMost of these trees were hundred years old.
• BThe timber was sought after for furniture making.
• CThe trees were easy to fell and remove.
• DThe timber was light in weight.
• EThe timber was prized for its colour and grain variations.

Bullying can take a variety of forms, from the verbal - being taunted or called hurtful names - to the physical - being kicked or shoved - as well as indirect forms, such as being excluded from social groups. A survey I conducted with Irene Whitney found that in British primary schools up to a quarter of pupils reported experience of bullying, which in about one in ten cases was persistent. There was less bullying in secondary schools, with about one in twenty-five suffering persistent bullying, but these cases may be particularly recalcitrant. Bullying is clearly unpleasant, and can make the child experiencing it feel unworthy and depressed. In extreme cases, it can even lead to suicide, though this is thankfully rare. Victimized pupils are more likely to experience difficulties with interpersonal relationships as adults, while children who persistently bully are more likely to grow up to be physically violent, and convicted of anti-social offences. Until recently, not much was known about the topic, and little help was available to teachers to deal with bullying. Perhaps as a consequence, schools would often deny the problem. ‘There is no bullying at this school’ has been a common refrain, almost certainly untrue. Fortunately, more schools are now saying: ‘There is not much bullying here, but when it occurs we have a clear policy for dealing with it.’

• AIn Britain, bullying was more prevalent in secondary schools than in primary schools
• BBullying has the potential to make a child feel unhappy
• CIn extreme cases bullying often leads to suicide
• DChildren who bully become criminals in the future
• ESchools admit that there is bullying there.

Stonehenge is an ancient monument situated about ten miles north of Salisbury in England. It was built about 4500 years ago, but by whom and for what purpose remains a mystery. The builders must have known of geometry. They may have been influenced by the Mycenaeans, whose architecture was similar. Some of the stones must have been brought from West Wales, over 135 miles away. These stones weigh more than fifty tons. They may have been brought on rafts and rollers. Experts say that it must have taken 1500 men more than five years to transport them. Stonehenge was probably built in three stages. First, settlers from continental Europe built a temple for sun worship. Later the "Beaker" people added the stone circles. Finally, people of the Wesse Culture transformed Stonehenge into an observatory. They could calculate the exact time of Midsummer and Midwinter and of equinoxes.

• Awhere the Stonehenge was built
• Bwhat kind of stones were used in the construction of the Stonehenge
• Chow to calculate the exact time of Midsummer and Midwinter and of equinoxes
• Dhow the stones used in the construction of the Stonehenge were transported
• Ewhether some of the stones are in position to reflect the movements of the sun and the moon
• Fwho the builders of Stonehenge were

Observe the dilemma of the fungus: it is a plant, but it possesses no chlorophyll. While all other plants put the sun’s energy to work for them combining the nutrients of ground and air into the body structure, the fungus must look elsewhere for energy supply. It finds it in those other plants which, having received their energy free from the sun, relinquish it at some point in their cycle either to animals (like us humans) or to the fungi. In this search for energy the fungus has become the earth’s major source of rot and decay. Wherever you see mould forming on a piece of bread, or a pile of leaves turning to compost, or a blown-down tree becoming pulp on the ground, you are watching a fungus eating. Without fungus action the earth would be piled high with the dead plant life of past centuries. In fact, certain plants which contain resins that are toxic to fungi will last indefinitely; specimens of the redwood, for instance, can still be found resting on the forest floor centuries after having been blown down.

• AFungus cleans up the planet for us.
• BFungus is a non-parasitic plant.
• CMould is a representation of fungus.tation of fungus.
• DFungus cannot eat some types of dead matter.
• EFungus cannot source energy at its own.

Playing is as natural for children as breathing. They play because they are so full of animal spirits and so overcharged with muscular energy that they must expend it by playing. Running, jumping and other physical activities build their muscles and tone their motor development. It is all- instinctive. Playing is learning: Moreover, playing involves imagination, imitation and ‘make-believe’ and thus contributes to the development of the child’s mind also. In playing a child makes friends, develops the qualities of leadership and learns to function in a group. This develops his social responsibility. Moreover, playing is a rehearsal of those activities which will be useful to them in life. For example, when girls play with dolls they practice being mothers and when boys play policeman game, they prepare themselves for active outdoor life. Playing is a therapy: Psychologists believe that playing also acts as a therapy for the child; it serves as an emotional vent. It gives him/her much-needed cathartic release. Children play to make up for defeats, sufferings and everyday frustration. He may have been scolded by a teacher or bullied by a class mate. Playing is advisable: It is, therefore, necessary that parents should let the children play when it is time to play. Some parents force their children to study as it is thought to be far more useful for life than play. It is a mistake on their part to think play as a waste of time. Through the experience of play a child enriches his life and becomes not only physically strong but also emotionally.

• AAll children love to play.
• BPlaying releases pent-up feelings.
• CParents forbid their children from playing.
• DPlaying enables children to pay back love and affection.
• EPlaying is a preparation for the business of life.

The Western alphabet, which is used in Europe, the Americas, Africa, Australia, and New Zealand as well as in other countries, originated in the Middle East. The people who gave the world this alphabet were the Phoenicians, a people who established colonies all over the Mediterranean, including Carthage in Africa and Gades in Spain. In their alphabet, the letters were represented by little pictures which represented sounds. The Phoenician A was aleph, which means "bull". and it was made from a little picture of a bull's head. The letter B was beth which meant "house", and showed the round-roofed buildings which you can still see today in Syria. The Phoenicians had contact with another nation of sailors, the Greeks, with whom they fought and traded. The Greeks also started to use the Phoenician alphabet. They changed the names so aleph and beth became alpha and beta. The shapes of the letters are the same but they have been turned sideways. Of course, the first two letters of the alphabet give it its name. Over the years there have been changes. Latin developed an alphabet with some different letters to the Greeks, and other letters have been added since. But really westerners are using the same system of writing which has served them so well for thousands of years.

• AThe Phoenician alphabet was composed of individual signs.
• BThe Greeks turned the letters in a different direction.
• CThe Greeks developed the alphabet from Latin.
• DThere were fewer letters in the original alphabet than there are now.
• EThree letters compose the name of the alphabet.
• FOur modern system of writing is similar to the Phoenician alphabet.