Reading Bổ Trợ 18-9

Caffeine is a natural ingredient in coffee, cocoa, tea, and chocolate, and is added to some prescription and non-prescription drugs. 2. Despite being "natural," Caffeine is also a powerful drug which greatly affects the body. 3. In healthy, rested people, a dose of 100 milligrams (about one cup of coffee) increases alertness, banishes drowsiness, quickens reaction time, it enhances intellectual and muscular effort, and increases heart and respiratory rates. 4. Drinking one to two cups of coffee an hour before exercise encourages the body to preserve glycogen and burn fat —something that results in greater endurance. 5. In addition, caffeine masks fatigue. 6. In doses above 300 milligrams, caffeine can produce sleeplessness, nervousness, irritability, headaches, heart palpitations, and muscle twitches. 7. Caffeine is also habit-forming, and those who try to suddenly stop after heavy use may experience such withdrawal symptoms as headaches, lethargy, irritability, and difficulty in concentrating.

• ACaffeine is a powerful drug that affects the body in numerous ways.
• BCaffeine is good to drink before working out.
• CCaffeine is linked to various health concerns.
• DCaffeine is a strong drug that only enhances the body when used.

Though fun to watch, chimpanzees should not be kept as pets. They are dangerously stronger that any NFL lineman. Adult chimps weigh only 100 to 160 pounds but have been measured pulling six to nine times their own weight— with one hand. Thus, to match the strength of an average chimp, a human being would have to be able to register a two-handed pull of about a ton it takes a very strong man to pull a quarter of that. Combined with this strength is the fact that a chimp is capable of losing its temper —for reasons known only to the chimp. Chimps signal their feelings with subtle cues of behavior that aren't apparent to most humans. It is quite possible for a chimp to be on the verge of violence while its owner sits unaware or even unknowingly continuous to provoke. Furthermore, it's not wise to keep a cute young chimp and release it into the wild when it becomes dangerous. Wild-raised chimps will routinely gang up on and kill those raised in captivity.

• AChimpanzees are not as reliable as dogs.
• BChimpanzees should not be kept as pets for a variety of reasons.
• CKeeping chimpanzees as pets and then releasing them into the wild is a danger to the pet chimpanzee.
• DNo man is as strong as a chimpanzee.

In embarking on the fight for independence, America faced formidable obstacles. The Continental Congress did not have the authority to pass binding legislation or to impose taxes. The new nation had no army and no navy, and its population numbered only 2.5 million people, 20 percent of whom were slaves. Britain, by contrast, was a mighty power of 11 million people with the world's best navy and a well-disciplined army. Fifty thousand troops were in North America in 1776, and Britain hired thirty thousand German soldiers to supplement its forces during the war. However, the American Revolutionaries were not deterred.

• AAmerica's military forces were less experienced that Britain's military
• BAmerica's Continental Congress had limited authority
• CAs America was about to engage in its struggle for autonomy, it was faced with arduous barriers.
• DBritain was a great power whose population outnumbered that of America's

When learners can act from their most vital selves, their curiosity emerges. They want to make sense of things and seek out challenges that are in their range of capacities and values. This leads to what human beings experience as interest, the emotional nutrient for a continuing positive attitude toward learning. When we feel interested, we have to make choices about what to do to follow that interest. Such choosing or self-determination involves a sense of feeling free in doing what one has chosen to do (Deci and Ryan, 1991). For the process of learning-thinking, practicing, reading, revising, studying, and other similar activities-to be desirable and genuinely enjoyable, adults must see themselves as personally endorsing their own learning.

• AIn order for adults to endorse their own learning, they must follow the steps of the learning process.
• BA positive attitude toward learning is interesting to adults.
• CInterest is a challenge that learners seek out.
• DInterest is a result of learners being genuinely curious.

At supper Johnson talked of good eating with uncommon ________ (5). "Some people," said he, "have a foolish way of not minding, or pretending not to mind, what they eat. For my part, I mind my belly very ________ (6), and very carefully; for I look upon it, that he who does not mind his belly will hardly mind anything else," He was, for the moment, not only serious but ________ (7). " Yet I have heard him, upon other occasions, talk with great contempt of people who were anxious to gratify their palates; and the 206th number of his Rambler is a masterly essay against ________ (8). His practice, indeed, I must acknowledge, may be considered as casting the balance of his different opinions upon this subject; for I never knew any man who ________ (9) good eating more than he did.

You've probably seen dogs working ________ (10) at airports, sniffing for drugs, bombs and contraband food. Now our best-friend biosensors might have a new task: ferretting out the scent of bird flu. And they may not be alone on the job. Researchers from the U.S. Department of Agriculture and Monell Chemical Senses Center trained mice to identify duck droppings from animals infected with bird flu. The work was presented at the National Meeting of the American Chemical Society in Boston. The ________ (11) trained six mice to run a maze in search of infected feces. Every time they found the right feces, they got a drink of water. The mice learned to choose infected over noninfected duck feces about 90 percent of the time. The researchers believe the ________ (12) could be twofold. First, bird flu apparently leaves an odor imprint on bird feces, and so dogs—and even mice—could be trained to ________ (13) it. Second, scientists might be able to isolate the cocktail of compounds that gives off the odor to develop lab instruments or automated field detectors. Until then, we may find four-legged sensors, large and small, sniffing away to protect us from a ________ (14) epidemic.

Umami was first identified in Japan, in 1908, when Dr. Kikunae Ikeda concluded that Kombu, a type of edible seaweed, had a different taste than most foods. He conducted ________ (15) that found that the high concentration of glutamate in Kombu was what made it so tasty. From there, he crystallized monosodium glutamate (MSG), the seasoning that would become ________ (16) the world over. Decades later Umami became scientifically defined as one of the five individual tastes sensed by receptors on the ________ (17) . Then in 1996, a team of University of Miami researchers studying taste perception made another breakthrough. They discovered separate taste receptor cells in the tongue for detecting Umami. Before then, the concept was uncharted. 'Up until our research, the ________ (18) wisdom in the scientific community was that Umami was not a separate sense. It was just a combination of the other four qualities (salty, sweet, bitter, sour)', explained Dr. Stephen Roper, the University of Miami physiology and biophysics professor who helped zero in on the taste along with Nirupa Chaudhari, the team‘s lead researcher.

In England it is well known that access to university, on average, varies substantially by the level of parental income and that students from poorer families access different types of universities than those from wealthier backgrounds. However, the question of whether graduates' earnings vary ________ (19) their socioeconomic background amongst graduates attending similar universities and taking the same subject has remained poorly understood, ________ (20) limited by data availability. Our unique administrative database offers substantial advantages in ________ (21) this crucial question. The findings are also relevant for myriad other issues that benefit from better information on variation in graduates' earnings, including student choice of subject and institution; better information for schools ________ (22) advise and guide students whilst at school; and the operation and cost of the higher education finance system.

Most previous decades saw significant increases in the amount of traffic on the roads, but in the 21st century a new trend has become evident. In some industrialised countries, traffic levels and car ownership are falling. It would be wrong to claim that the car industry has never seen this before. In the 1970s, for example, a rise in oil prices meant that owning a car became too expensive for some households. But this time the change is more likely to be due to long-term social trends. Many people, or certainly those who live in town, have more facilities available in their immediate environment, which has reduced the need for long drives. Indeed, the rise of online retail often means that a trip to the mall is no longer needed at all. The presence of the Internet at home means more telecommuting, and even online socialising can be seen as a substitute for car trips. There are also generational differences. In the past, owning a car was often seen as a milestone on the way to maturity and success, like buying your first home, but young people today are not so attached to this idea of cars and homes as status symbols. How these changes will develop over the next decades is unclear but it is entirely possible that, thirty years hence, private car ownership will have become something of a rarity.

• AOwning a car has become more expensive.
• BDigital technology means that travel is less necessary.
• CPeople in towns are more aware of environmental issues.
• DFewer homes in towns come with space for keeping cars.
• ECar ownership is less strongly associated with success.

Doing kind things for people is good for a person’s health. It makes the person receiving the help feel happy, too. It doesn’t have to be a major thing, either. Picking up rubbish in the park or putting your neighbour’s bins out are good examples. In fact, the offer of help, even if not accepted, can be good for people. So how does it make the person being kind feel happy? Well, one reason is that it gives a person a purpose. Another is that it helps them to connect with other people. Humans are social creatures. Technology may have changed the way we communicate, but we still have the same needs. So today the offers of help may come via text message. People who don’t like new technology shouldn’t ignore these offers. They are just kind offers coming in a different way.

• ABeing kind to someone benefits both people.
• BTechnology has made people more social.
• CA kind thing can be something minor.
• DSome kind actions are more useful than others.
• EPeople shouldn’t respond to offers by text message.

There are many benefits to gardening. If you grow fruit and vegetables in your garden, you can walk to get food so vehicles are not needed to carry it from A to B. This reduces the pollution produced by vehicles. Plants can also help remove bacteria from the water in the ground, which helps the things that live in the soil. Having more plants in your garden will be attractive to wildlife, too. However, it is important that the garden is not kept too tidy; many people remove certain plants that they think are growing in the wrong places, but these can be important for bees and butterflies so think before you take them out. Plants can also help to reduce your energy costs by keeping the house warm in winter and cool in the summer. This happens if you plant trees in your garden, but it’s especially true if you grow grass on the roof. Another obvious reason is that plants create a more attractive place – a space where people can relax.

• Ato explain how gardening can help the environment
• Bto warn people against growing certain crops
• Cto encourage people to grow things in their gardens
• Dto highlight an increase in pollution levels
• E to explain how to look after garden plants

Jane Goodall and her mother started their new life in Africa on July 14, 1960. They arrived on the east shore of Lake Tanganyika in the Gombe National Park. A group of men met them and carried their luggage. They didn’t have very much: a tent, a few clothes and a cup. Later on the same day, somebody said they had seen a chimpanzee. Straight away, Jane started running towards the forest, where she saw a chimpanzee for the first time. Jane had always dreamed of visiting Africa and studying chimpanzees, but she didn’t know much about them and she had no scientific qualifications. However, after she arrived in Gombe, she spent many months watching groups of these animals and learning about them. She started to write about them in her diary and after many months of difficult work, she made three important and new discoveries: chimpanzees ate meat, they used tools to get food and they also made tools. She began to publish articles in journals such as National Geographic magazine. After a while, scientists started reading her studies and Jane was offered a place at university. Finally, in 1966, she became Doctor Jane Goodall. Her work also made her famous. There was a film documentary, Miss Goodall and the Wild Chimpanzees (1963) and the first of many books, called My Friends the Wild Chimpanzees (1969). During the seventies, there was a war in the region and Gombe became a dangerous place. Many foreigners left, but Jane stayed. Eventually the war ended, but there was another problem at the start of the 1980s. As the human population increased in Gombe, more trees were cut down. With fewer trees, the chimpanzees lost their natural habitat and it became difficult for them to survive. By the end of the decade, only about a hundred chimpanzees were living in Gombe. At this time, Jane started working with local people to grow more trees in the region. After 1989, Jane left Gombe and started travelling to other parts of the world. She gave lectures about her work and she organized safe places for young chimps whose parents had died or been killed. Now in her eighties, she spends about three hundred days a year giving interviews, talks and lectures, meeting with government officials about animal conservation and raising money for the Jane Goodall Institute which continues her research. And she still spends part of every year in the forest in Gombe, watching her chimpanzees.

• AShe first went to Africa with her mother in 1960. B. C. D. E. She helped local people grow more trees after many trees were cut down. F. She stopped working with chimpanzees after becoming famous.
• BShe already had scientific qualifications before arriving in Gombe.
• CShe found that chimpanzees ate meat and used tools.
• DShe left Gombe during the war because it became too dangerous.
• EShe helped local people grow more trees after many trees were cut down.

September 2, 1752, was a great day in the history of sleep. That Wednesday evening, millions of British subjects in England and the colonies went peacefully to sleep and did not wake up until twelve days later. Behind this feat of narcoleptic prowess was not the same revolutionary hypnotic technique or miraculous pharmaceutical discovered in the West Indies. It was, rather, the British Calendar Act of 1751, which declared the day after Wednesday 2nd to be Thursday 14th. Prior to that cataleptic September evening, the official British calendar differed from that of continental Europe by eleven days—that is, September 2 in London was September 13 in Paris, Lisbon, and Berlin. The discrepancy had sprung from Britain's continued use of the Julian calendar, which had also been the official calendar of Europe from its invention by Julius Caesar (after whom it was named) in 45 B.C. until the decree of Pope Gregory XIII in 1582. Caesar's calendar, which consisted of eleven months of 31 days and a 28-day February (extended to 29 days every fourth year), was actually quite accurate: it erred from the real solar calendar by only 11.5 minutes a year. After centuries, though, even a small inaccuracy like this adds up. By the sixteenth century, it had put the Julian calendar behind the solar one by 10 days. In Europe, in 1582, Pope Gregory XIII ordered the advancement of the Julian calendar by 10 days and introduced a new corrective device to curb further error: century years such as 1700 or 1800 would no longer be counted as leap years, unless they were (like 1600 or 2000) divisible by 400.

• ABritain's continued use of the Julian calendar
• BThe numbers of months and days
• CThe change of leap years
• Dthe accrual of very minor differences between the calendar used in Britain and real solar events
• EThe inconvenience of the Julian calendar
• Fthe decree of Pope Gregory XIII

Dolphins are often regarded as one of Earth's most intelligent animals. They are social creatures, living in pods of up to a dozen individuals. In places with a high abundance of food, pods can merge temporarily, forming a superpod; such groupings may exceed 1,000 dolphins. They communicate using a variety of clicks, whistle-like sounds and other vocalizations. Membership in pods is not rigid; interchange is common. Dolphins can, however, establish strong social bonds; they will stay with injured or ill individuals, even helping them to breathe by bringing them to the surface if needed. This altruism does not appear to be limited to their own species. The dolphin Moko in New Zealand has been observed guiding a female Pygmy Sperm Whale together with her calf out of shallow water where they had stranded several times. They have also been seen protecting swimmers from sharks by swimming circles around the swimmers or charging the sharks to make them go away. Dolphins also display culture, something long believed to be unique to humans. In May 2005, a discovery in Australia found Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus) teaching their young to use tools. They cover their snouts with sponges to protect them while foraging (looking or searching for food or provisions.) Using sponges as mouth protection as well as other transmitted behaviour proves dolphins' intelligence. This knowledge is mostly transferred by mothers to daughters.

• ADolphin Moko in New Zealand was observed guiding a female Pygmy Sperm Whale together with her calf out of deep water whey they had stranded several times.
• BThe animals can live in places with high abundance of food, where they form groups of more than 1000 dolphins.
• CThe membership of the pods is rigid and forms strong social bonds.
• DAll dolphins use sponges as mouth protection, a behaviour they inherit from mothers.
• EThey are the earth’s most intelligent animals.
• FThe strong social bond formed by dolphins is not witnessed when some of them are injured or ill.
• GDolphins protect swimmers from sharks by charging the sharks to make them go away.

Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health, leading to reduced life expectancy and/or increased health problems. Body mass index (BMI), a measurement which compares weight and height, defines people as overweight (pre-obese) when their BMI is between 25 kg/m2 and 30 kg/m2, and obese when it is greater than 30 kg/m2. Obesity increases the likelihood of various diseases, particularly heart disease, type 2 diabetes, breathing difficulties during sleep, certain types of cancer, and osteoarthritis. Obesity is most commonly caused by a combination of excessive dietary calories, lack of physical activity, and genetic susceptibility, although a few cases are caused primarily by genes, endocrine disorders, medications or psychiatric illness. Evidence to support the view that some obese people eat little yet gain weight due to a slow metabolism is limited; on average obese people have a greater energy expenditure than their thin counterparts due to the energy required to maintain an increased body mass. The primary treatment for obesity is dieting and physical exercise. To supplement this, or in case of failure, anti- obesity drugs may be taken to reduce appetite or inhibit fat absorption. In severe cases, surgery is performed or an intragastrical balloon is placed to reduce stomach volume and/or bowel length, leading to earlier satiation and reduced ability to absorb nutrients from food. Obesity is a leading preventable cause of death worldwide, with increasing prevalence in adults and children, and authorities view it as one of the most serious public health problems of the 21st century. Obesity is stigmatized in much of the modern world (particularly in the Western world), though it was widely perceived as a symbol of wealth and fertility at other times in history, and still is in some parts of the world.

• AA combination of excessive dietary calories and lack of physical activity and genetic susceptibility
• BConstant snacking
• CEndocrine disorders
• DMedications
• ELack of self-control
• FGenes

Learning through doing: Modern education attaches great importance to learning through doing. It is fully recognized that the knowledge gained through actually doing the task is more effective and lasting than that gained through mere reading. That is why all the modern methods of education give top priority to some hand-work round which they base the teaching of the curriculum. Three R’s replaced: In the past, whereas education laid stress on training of three R’s i.e. Reading, Writing and Arithmetic, modern education attaches great importance to the training of three H’s i.e. Head, Heart and Hand. It has been realized that the head, the heart and the hand get the best training through self-activity with hands and brain, especially when carried out in cooperation with others. Mere reading of books or listening to others does not help much in this direction. Participation, not listening: In modern education, the student is not merely a passive listener but is an active participant in the process of education. In the past, it was the teacher who did most of the talking. Now it is the student who is expected to be more active and up and doing and the teacher is merely a guide. For the healthy development of the mind, it is most essential that the student should be an active giver and not merely a passive receiver. It is this activity of the mind which will lead to emotional integration, so necessary for a healthy personality. If the child is merely a recipient, all the time listening to his teachers, his own personality gets dwarfed because the teachers’ personalities dominate over his personality.

• AA basic craft is compulsory in the curriculum of modern education.
• BKnowledge gained through practical training is permanent.
• CIt lays greater emphasis on activity based training.
• DHere the teacher plays merely a supportive/facilitating role.
• EModern education provides greater opportunity for development of distinctive personality.