Reading Bổ Trợ 4-9

Many argue that art cannot be defined. We could go about this in several ways. Art is often considered as the process or product of deliberately arranging elements in a way that appeals to the senses or emotions. It encompasses a diverse range of human activities, creations and ways of expression, including music, literature, film, sculpture and paintings. The meaning of art is explored in a branch of philosophy known as aesthetics. At least, that is what Wikipedia claims.

• AArt is a difficult and complex form to explain.
• BArt is a broad and comprehensive field
• CArt is similar to philosophy according to Wikipedia
• DArt is a process of intentionally arranging factors

Essays are used as an assessment tool to evaluate your ability to research a topic and construct an argument, as well as your understanding of subject content. This does not mean that essays are a 'regurgitation' of everything your lecture has said throughout the course. Essays are your opportunity to explore in greater depth aspects of the course - theories, issues, texts, etc. and in some cases relate these aspects to a particular context. It is your opportunity to articulate your ideas, but in a certain way: using formal academic style.

• AEssays are a means of assessment of the ability to research
• BIt provides better insights into many aspects of the course
• CYou can express your thought through a formal manner
• DEssays are basically what your lecture has said throughout the course.

Every day millions of lights and computers are left on in deserted offices, apartments, and houses. Environmental activists say that simply switching them off could cut Sydney's greenhouse gas emissions by five percent over the next year. Per capita, Australia is one of the world's largest producers of carbon dioxide and other gases that many scientists believe are helping to warm the Earth's atmosphere, causing climate upset. A long-standing drought and serious water shortages in Australia have focused much attention on climate change. Some experts warn higher temperatures could leave this nation of 20 million people at the mercy of more severe droughts and devastating tropical cyclones.

• AGreenhouse gas emissions
• BNo clean water
• CDrought
• DStorms

When he was awarded an Honorary Degree by the University of Newcastle, even John Robertson himself must surely have looked back in wonder at his astonishing rise to success. The year was 1910, and those assembled were to hear not only of his generosity to the University, which enabled it to contribute to the pioneering research into tropical diseases being carried out at that time, but also of his humanitarian work in southern Africa, where he was ahead of his time in improving the working conditions of local mine workers. To those who knew John in his youth, it will have come as no surprise to hear of his success. He was now enjoying the rewards of the fierce determination, desire to succeed and extraordinary ability to acquire knowledge, which they had noticed in the young man.

• AMany people are aware of his achievements
• BHis contributions to research into tropical diseases
• CHe doubts his astonishing rise to success
• DHis abilities were evident at a young age.

Allergies are abnormal immune system reactions to things that are typically harmless to most people. When you’re allergic to something, your immune system ________ (5) believes that this substance is harmful to your body. Substances that cause allergic reactions — such as certain foods, dust, plant pollen, or medicines — are known as allergens. In an attempt to ________ (6) the body, the immune system produces IgE ________ (7) to that allergen. Those antibodies then cause certain cells in the body to ________ (8) chemicals into the bloodstream, one of which is histamine. The histamine then ________ (9) on a person's eyes, nose, throat, lungs, skin, or gastrointestinal tract and causes the symptoms of the allergic reaction. Future exposure to that same allergen will trigger this ________ (10) response again. This means that every time you come into contact with that allergen, you'll have an allergic reaction.

People are living longer and this longevity is good news for sales teams. It results in a much more ________ (11) customer base for them to work from. Why we are living longer is not the issue for anyone ________ (12) in drawing up plans to market a product. What they focus on is the fact that there are now more age groups to target, which means that a sales pitch can be re-worked a number of times to more exactly fit each one. For example, ________ (13) referring simply to 'adults', there are now 'starting adults', 'young adults' and 'established adults'. ________ (14), markets no longer talk about 'children', but tend to refer to a fuller range of categories that includes 'kids', 'tweens', 'pre-teens' and 'teenagers', We now have a very diverse population in terms of age, and that can only be a ________ (15) for business.

Canada is a country of the enormous natural resources. It is the world's largest exporter of fore products and a ________ (16) exporter of fish, furs, and wheat. Minerals ________ (17) a key role in Canada's transformation into an urban-industrial economy. Alberta, British Columbia, Quebec, and Saskatchewan are the principal mining regions. Ontario and the Northwest (NWT) and Yukon Territories are also ________ (18) producer of uranium and potash, the third largest of asbestos, gypsum, and nickel, and the fourth largest of zinc. Oil and gas are exploited in Alberta, off the Atlantic coast, and in the northwest -- huge additional reserves are thought to exist in the high Arctic; oil price ________ (19) extraction profitable at a growing number of the country's deposit. Canada is also one of the world's top hydroelectricity producers.

The morality of the welfare state depends on contribution and responsibility. Since some people don't contribute and many are irresponsible, the choices of those who do contribute and are responsible are either to ________ (20) the free riders, refuse to pay for the ________ (21) of their irresponsibility or trust the state to ________ (22) them. Hence the government campaigns against smoking, alcoholism, obesity and gas guzzling ‐ the first two solidly in place, the other two ramping up. But the British state now goes further: it acts in favor of sexual and racial minorities. In the case of gay men and women this means progressively removing the legal disadvantages under which they have lived, and ensuring that society as a whole observes the new order.

It might seem illogical that the development of modern currency rests on a scientific discovery, but the invention of the “touchstone” allowed ancient societies to create a standard by which valuable metals could be judged. In its most basic form, a touchstone is any dark, finely grained stone upon which soft metals leave traces. When rubbed, a process known as “probing”, precious metal alloy cleaves to the stone, leaving a stripe. The colour of the stripe (which reveals the percentage of its content that is base metal) can then be compared to a stripe of a known grade of a standard alloy. Despite its primitiveness, this probing process allowed merchants to examine alloys quickly and with reasonable certainly. Though civilizations were using gold and silver currencies as early as 500 B.C., coins were easily forged or diluted with less valuable metals, such as tin or lead. The invention and popularization of the touchstone ensured that pure gold and silver could become a standard expression of value.

• AA measure to compare the value of gold and silver with tin and lead
• BAn attempt to generalize the value of gold and silver
• CAn ancient means of ascertaining the purity of a metal
• DA measure of security against adulterated coins
• EA means by which governments could standardize currency values

It is a great deal easier to motivate employees in a growing organization than a declining one. When organizations are expanding and adding personnel, promotional opportunities, pay rises, and the excitement of being associated with a dynamic organization create Slings of optimism. Management is able to use the growth to entice and encourage employees. When an organization is shrinking, the best and most mobile workers are prone to leave voluntarily. Unfortunately, they are the ones the organization can least afford to lose- those with the highest skills and experience. The minor employees remain because their job options are limited. Morale also surfers during decline. People fear they may be the next to be made redundant. Productivity often suffers, as employees spend their time-sharing rumours and providing one another with moral support rather than focusing on their jobs. For those whose jobs are secure, pay increases are rarely possible. Pay cuts, unheard of during times of growth, may even be imposed. The challenge to management is how to motivate employees under such retrenchment conditions.

• AIt is a challenge to motivate employees in a thriving organization
• BOrganization cannot afford to lose its most mobile employees
• CIn shrinking companies, increased salaries are provided to those who decides to stay
• DProductivity suffers when employees provide moral support to each other
• EPay cuts hardly occur during growth stage of an organization

Bullying can take a variety of forms, from the verbal - being taunted or called hurtful names - to the physical - being kicked or shoved - as well as indirect forms, such as being excluded from social groups. A survey I conducted with Irene Whitney found that in British primary schools up to a quarter of pupils reported experience of bullying, which in about one in ten cases was persistent. There was less bullying in secondary schools, with about one in twenty-five suffering persistent bullying, but these cases may be particularly recalcitrant. Bullying is clearly unpleasant, and can make the child experiencing it feel unworthy and depressed. In extreme cases it can even lead to suicide, though this is thankfully rare. Victimized pupils are more likely to experience difficulties with interpersonal relationships as adults, while children who persistently bully are more likely to grow up to be physically violent, and convicted of anti-social offences. Until recently, not much was known about the topic, and little help was available to teachers to deal with bullying. Perhaps as a consequence, schools would often deny the problem. ‘There is no bullying at this school’ has been a common refrain, almost certainly untrue. Fortunately, more schools are now saying: ‘There is not much bullying here, but when it occurs we have a clear policy for dealing with it.’

• AIn Britain, bullying was more prevalent in secondary schools than in primary schools
• BBullying has the potential to make a child feel unhappy
• CIn extreme cases bullying often leads to suicide
• DChildren who bully become criminals in the future
• ESchools admit that there is bullying there.

In the UK, travel times to work had been stable for at least six centuries, with people avoiding situations that required them to spend more than half an hour travelling to work. Trains and cars initially allowed people to live at greater distances without taking longer to reach their destination. However, public infrastructure did not keep pace with urban sprawl, causing massive congestion problems which now make commuting times far higher. There is a widespread belief that increasing wealth encourages people to live farther out where cars are the only viable transport. The example of European cities refutes that. They are often wealthier than their American counterparts but have not generated the same level of car use. In Stockholm, car use has actually fallen in recent years as the city has become larger and wealthier. A new study makes this point even more starkly. Developing cities in Asia, such as Jakarta and Bangkok, make more use of the car than wealthy Asian cities such as Tokyo and Singapore. In cities that developed later, the World Bank and Asian Development Bank discouraged the building of public transport and people have been forced to rely on cars - creating the massive traffic jams that characterize those cities.

• AIn the UK, people spend an hour travelling to work
• BEuropean cities have more cars than the US cities
• CDeveloping cities in Asia have more cars than the developed ones
• DStockholm has experienced a decrease in use of cars as the city expands
• EMassive traffic jams are often created by public transport

You may have heard that tomatoes and processed tomato products like tomato sauce and canned tomatoes protect against some types of cancer. The cancer-preventing properties of tomato products have been attributed to lycopene. It is a bright red pigment found in tomatoes and other red fruits and is the cause of their red colour. Unlike other fruits and vegetables, where nutritional content such as vitamin C is diminished upon cooking, processing of tomatoes increases the concentration of lycopene. Lycopene in tomato paste is four times more than in fresh tomatoes. This is because lycopene is insoluble in water and is tightly bound to vegetable fibre. Thus, processed tomato products such as pasteurized tomato juice, soup, sauce, and ketchup contain the highest concentrations of lycopene. Cooking and crushing tomatoes as in the canning process and serving in oil-rich dishes such as spaghetti sauce or pizza greatly increase assimilation from the digestive tract into the bloodstream. Lycopene is a fat-soluble substance, so the oil is said to help absorption to a great extent.

• Acan only be found in processed tomato products
• Bloses its cancer-preventing property when the tomato is processed
• Clowers the risk of having cancer only when it is consumed together with vitamin
• Dis absorbed by the body more easily when accompanied by the oil
• Eis what gives some fruits their colour

The grey wolf also known as the timber wolf or wolf is a mammal of the order Carnivore. Genetic studies indicate the grey wolf shares a common ancestry with the domestic dog and might be its ancestor. Many other grey wolf subspecies have been identified however the actual number of subspecies is still open to discussion. Though once abundant over much of North America and areas of Europe and Asia, the grey wolf inhabits a very small portion of its former range because of the widespread destruction of its habitat. Gray wolves are highly adaptable and have thrived in forests, deserts, mountains, tundra and grasslands. They function as social predators and hunt in packs organized according to strict social hierarchies. It was originally believed that this comparatively high level of social organization was related to hunting success, and while this still may be true to a certain extent, emerging theories suggest that the pack has less to do with hunting and more to do with reproductive success.

• Ais able to survive in a wide variety of habitats.
• Bprefers to hunt individually rather than in groups.
• Cwas once found in every continent of the world in great numbers.
• Dis known that many of grey wolf subspecies have already become extinct.
• Ethere is no consensus on how many grey wolf subspecies exist.

Reviving the practice of using elements of popular music in classical composition, an approach that had been in hibernation in the United States during the 1960s, composer Philip Glass (born 1937) embraced the ethos of popular music in his compositions. Glass based two symphonies on music by rock musicians David Bowie and Brian Eno, but the symphonies' sound is distinctively his. Popular elements do not appear out of place in Glass's classical music, which from its early days has shared certain harmonies and rhythms with rock music. Yet this use of popular elements has not made Glass a composer of popular music. His music is not a version of popular music packaged to attract classical listeners; it is high art for listeners steeped in rock rather than the classics.

• AA return to the use of popular music in classical compositions
• BAn attempt to elevate rock music to an artistic status more closely approximating that of classical music
• CA long-standing tendency to incorporate elements from two apparently disparate musical styles
• DHis composition attracts listeners of all taste

Biomedical jewellery, accessories which monitor the wearer's vital functions or sound a warning in response to unhealthy environmental conditions, is already on the market and promises to become much more medically sophisticated and commonplace in the foreseeable future. Today, heart-monitoring devices and posture indicators can be hidden in attractive belts; necklaces may contain portable electrocardiographs, or may register body temperature or the level of pollution in the air. If the pollution level is dangerous, some necklaces open and dispense a face mask and a ten-minute supply of oxygen. One of the less serious versions of this type of necklace simply tells the wearer if his or her own breath has reached an offensive level. Still on the drawing board are designs for attractive personal ornaments which could warn of impending epileptic seizures or migraine headaches. Designers of biomedical jewellery predict that the time will come when artfully designed bracelets or necklaces will be able to diagnose, analyse, and even prescribe treatment for their wearers.

• Aprovide oxygen
• Bmonitor the wearer’s heartbeat
• Ccontain some sort of diamond
• Ddispense a breath freshener
• Eindicate body temperature