Reading Bổ Trợ 9-9

Caffeine is a natural ingredient in coffee, cocoa, tea, and chocolate, and is added to some prescription and nonprescription drugs. Despite being "natural," Caffeine is also a powerful drug which greatly affects the body. In healthy, rested people, a dose of 100 milligrams (about one cup of coffee) increases alertness, banishes drowsiness, quickens reaction time, it enhances intellectual and muscular effort, and increases heart and respiratory rates. Drinking one to two cups of coffee an hour before exercise encourages the body to preserve glycogen and burn fat – something that results in greater endurance. In addition, caffeine masks fatigue. In doses above 300 milligrams, caffeine can produce sleeplessness, nervousness, irritability, headaches, heart palpitations, and muscle twitches. Caffeine is also habit-forming, and those who try to suddenly stop after heavy use may experience such withdrawal symptoms as headaches, lethargy, irritability, and difficulty in concentrating.

• ACaffeine is a powerful drug that affects the body in numerous ways.
• BCaffeine is good to drink before working out.
• CCaffeine is linked to various health concerns.
• DCaffeine is a strong drug that only enhances the body when used.

After the service sector. agriculture is the next largest contributor to Kenya's GDP. Agriculture, including fishing and forestry, accounted for 24 percent of the GDP, 18 percent of wage employment and 50 percent of export revenue. Kenya is the most industrially developed country in East Africa. Yet its manufacturing sector accounts for just 14 per cent of the GDP. Kenya has a fast growing cement production industry. It has an oil industry that processes imported crude for domestic use. In addition to this, there is small scale manufacturing of household goods, auto-parts and farm implements. This sector is becoming a major contributor to the Kenyan economy. Other industries include forestry, fishing and mining. Kenya has few minerals and the mining industry is relatively small.

• AAgriculture is the main pillar of the Kenyan Economy.
• BThe manufacturing sector of Kenya is not as strong as it should be.
• CKenya has a rapidly growing mining industry.
• DThe overall contribution of the Kenyan small sector is negligible.

It is shocking to note that the majority of our schools do not even have the buildings. The classes are taken under the trees. These schools cannot afford the luxury of games. Sports activities in are nonexistent as the schools and colleges do not have infrastructure to give students the proper training. The hockey stick is present but the ball absent; the football is in front of us but without air. Sports generate sportsman spirit in the child, the ability to take decisions according to the situations and to struggle in situations that do not favor them.

• ASports and games generate a feeling of competition in the child and strengthen it.
• BThe schools lack sports infrastructure.
• CThe school education often fails to cover an important aspect of child education.
• DThe school curriculums need to be revisited to include sports as an important part.

Gas emission of Australia: Every day millions of lights and computers are left on in deserted offices, apartments and houses. Environmental activists say that simply switching them off could cut Sydney's greenhouse gas emissions by five percent over the next year. Per capita, Australia is one of the world's largest producers of carbon dioxide and other gases that many scientists believe are helping to warm the Earth's atmosphere, causing climate upset. A long-standing drought and serious water shortages in Australia have focused much attention on climate change. Some experts warn higher temperatures could leave this nation of 20 million people at the mercy of more severe droughts and devastating tropical cyclones.

• AGas emissions
• BEnvironmental activists
• CCarbon dioxide
• DDrought

Scientists have discovered the cause of a mass extinction of sea-floor marine organisms 800,000 years ago — which also provides insight into how climate change can impact ________ (5) deep ocean biota. In a new study ________ (6) in the journal Nature Communications, scientists from the universities of Nottingham and Durham and the British Geological Survey (BGS), have discovered the cause of a mass extinction within marine organisms called foraminifera. Foraminifera are an important group in relation to biomass in the deep ocean and the cause of their extinction was ________ (7) unknown. Scientists tested various possible ________ (8) for the mass extinction and were able to discount others such as ocean cooling. ________ (9) they discovered that the extinction was caused by a global change in plankton at the surface of the ocean.

One of Australia’s most remarkable natural gifts, the Great Barrier Reef is blessed with the breath-taking beauty of the world’s largest coral reef. The reef contains an ________ (10) of marine life and comprises of over 3000 individual reef systems and coral rays and literally hundreds of ________ (11) tropical islands with some of the world’s most beautiful sun-soaked golden beaches, because of its natural beauty, the Great Barrier Reef has become one of the world’s most ________ (12)-after tourist destinations. A visitor to the Great Barrier Reef can enjoy many ________ (13) including snorkeling, scuba diving, aircraft or helicopter tours, bare boats (self-sail), glass-bottomed boat viewing, semi-submersibles and educational trips, cruise ship tours, whale watching and swimming with dolphins.

Who won the World Cup 1994 football game? What happened at the United Nations? How did the critics like the new play? Just when an event takes place, newspapers are on the streets ________ (14) the details. Wherever anything happens in the world, reporters are on the spot to ________ (15) the news. Newspapers have one basic purpose, to get the news as quickly as possible from its source, from those who make it to those who want to know it. Radio, telegraph, television, and other inventions brought competition for newspapers. So did the development of magazines and other means of communication. However, this competition merely spurred the newspapers on. They quickly made use of the newer and faster means of communication to improve the ________ (16) and thus the efficiency of their own operations. Today more newspapers are printed and read than ever before. Competition also led newspapers to branch out into so many other fields. Besides keeping readers ________ (17) of the latest news, today's newspapers educate and influence readers about politics and other important and serious matters. Newspapers influence readers' economic choices through advertising. Most newspapers depend on advertising for their very existence. Newspapers are sold at a price that fails to cover even a small fraction of the cost of production. The main source of income for most newspapers is commercial advertising. The success in selling advertising depends on a newspaper's value to advertisers. This is ________ (18) in terms of circulation. How many people read the newspaper? Circulation depends much on the work of the circulation department and on the services or entertainment offered in a newspaper's pages. But for the most part, circulation depends on a newspaper's value to readers as a source of information about the community, city, country, state, nation, and world--and even outer space.

At the local and state level, demanding funding for repairs and improvement to outdated transit infrastructure will greatly reduce the noise caused by trains, cars, and trucks. Urban-planning approaches to ________ (19) noise on a city-by-city basis can be as simple as taking a single lane away from cars and giving it to bicycles, people, or green space. Improving, expanding, and property funding public transit removes cars from the road, both reducing the sound they ________ (20) and replacing it with quieter options like trams and high-speed light-rail. In architecture, acoustics should play a greater ________ (21) in all structures, from mundane apartment buildings to the grandest art museums. Noise control should be a consideration from the very first planning stage, ________ (22) than tacked on as an afterthought.

Opera refers to a dramatic art form, originating in Europe, in which the emotional content is conveyed to the audience as much through music, both vocal and instrumental, as it is through the lyrics. By contrast, in musical theatre an actor's dramatic performance is primary, and the music plays a lesser role. The drama in opera is presented using the primary elements of theatre such as scenery, costumes, and acting. However, the words of the opera, or libretto, are sung rather than spoken. The singers are accompanied by a musical ensemble ranging from a small instrumental ensemble to a full symphonic orchestra.

• AIt has developed under the influence of musical theatre
• BIt is a drama sung with the accompaniment of an orchestra
• CIt is not a high-budget production
• Dorchestras in it can vary considerably in size
• Emusical theatre relies above all on music
• Fmany people find musical theatre more captivating than opera
• Gmusic in musical theatre is not as important as it is in it

Dolphins are regarded as the friendliest creatures in the sea and stories of them helping drowning sailors have been common since Roman times. The more we learn about dolphins, the more we realize that their society is more complex than people previously imagined. They look after other dolphins when they are ill, care for pregnant mothers and protect the weakest in the community, as we do. Some scientists have suggested that dolphins have a language but it is much more probable that they communicate with each other without needing words. Could any of these mammals be more intelligent than man? Certainly, the most common argument in favour of man's superiority over them that we can kill them more easily than they can kill us is the least satisfactory. On the contrary, the more we discover about these remarkable creatures, the less we appear superior when we destroy them.

• Adon't want to be with us as much as we want to be with them
• Bare proven to be less intelligent than once thought
• Chave a reputation for being friendly to humans
• Dare the most powerful creatures that live in the oceans
• Edolphins have some social traits that are similar to those of humans
• Fare capable of learning a language and communicating with humans

Erosion of America's farmland by wind and water has been a problem since settlers first put the prairies and grasslands under the plow in the nineteenth century. By the 1930s, more than 282 million acres of farmland were damaged by erosion. After 40 years of conservation efforts, soil erosion has accelerated due to new demands placed on the land by heavy crop production. In the years ahead, soil erosion and the pollution problems it causes are likely to replace petroleum scarcity as the nation's most critical natural resource problem.

• Acauses humans to place new demands on the land
• Bis worse than it was in the nineteenth century
• Chappens so slowly that it is hardly noticed
• Doccurs only in areas with no vegetation
• Ecan become a more serious problem in the future

Traditionally, many linguists stressed the importance of mastering grammar structures first while teaching English. In recent years, the majority of educators have become more aware of the fallacy of this approach and other approaches promoting vocabulary development have gained popularity. It has been found out without vocabulary to put on top of the grammar system, the learners can actually say very little despite being able to manipulate complex grammatical structures in exercise drills. It is obvious that to learn English, one needs to learn many words. Native speakers have a vocabulary of about 20,000 words but foreign learners of English need far fewer. They need only about 5,000 words to be quite competent in speaking and listening. The reason for this seemingly small number is the nature of words and the frequency with which they appear in a language. It seems clear that frequent words should be among the first words to learn because they will be met most of ten and will be needed in speech or writing.

• Aa great number of educators today believe that mastering grammar points is more important than learning words while studying a foreign language
• Bgrammar drills are effective in teaching the most frequently encountered English words
• Can approach based on mastering grammar structures first to teach English is at most unlikely to find supporters today
• Dthe learners of English are required to learn all grammar structures perfectly in order to make themselves understood by foreigners
• Ethe number of English words which must be learned to communicate with a foreigner exceeds 20,000
• FIn English language teaching, most educators are not in favour of the traditional approach having dominated the language teaching field once anymore

Over the past 600 years, English has grown from a language of few speakers to become the dominant language of international communication. English as we know it today emerged around 1350, after having incorporated many elements of French that were introduced following the Norman invasion of 1030. Until the 1600s, English was, for the most part, spoken only in England and had not extended even as far as Wales, Scotland, or Ireland. However, during the course of the next two centuries, English began to spread around the globe as a result of exploration, trade (including slave trade), colonization, and missionary work. Thus, small enclaves of English speakers became established and grew in various parts of the world. As these communities proliferated, English gradually became the primary language of international business, banking, and diplomacy. Currently, about 80 percent of the information stored on computer systems worldwide is in English. Two-thirds of the world's science writing is in English, and English is the main language of technology, advertising, media, international airports, and air traffic controllers. Today there are more than 700 million English users in the world, and over half of these are non-native speakers, constituting the largest number of non-native users than any other language in the world.

• AToday’s English language emerged as a result of Norman invasion of England
• BNearly half of the world’s population use English as their language
• CEnglish spread rapidly throughout the world instantly
• DExploration was one of the reasons why English was popularised as a language
• EFour-fifth of information saved in computers are in English

Autism is a brain development disorder that impairs social interaction and communication and causes restricted and repetitive behaviour, all starting before a child is three years old. The genetics of autism are complex and it is generally unclear which genes are responsible for it. Autism affects many parts of the brain but how this occurs is also poorly understood. Autism is strongly associated with agents that cause birth defects. Other proposed causes, such as childhood vaccines, are controversial and the vaccine hypotheses lack convincing scientific evidence. The number of people known to have autism has increased dramatically since the 1980s. Parents usually notice signs in the first two years of their child's life. Early behavioural cognitive intervention can help children gain self-care, social and communication skills but there is no cure for it. Few children with autism live independently after reaching adulthood, but same become successful and an autistic culture has developed, with same seeking a cure and others believing that autism is a condition rather than a disorder.

• Athat gives its first signs early in the childhood period
• Bwhich is caused by childhood vaccines
• Cwhich can't be diagnosed until after the child is three years old
• Dthat even if the treatment for autism starts early, the child doesn't have any chance to recover completely
• Ewhich is characterized by abnormalities of behaviour patterns

Unusual incidents are being reported across the Arctic. Inuit families going off on snowmobiles to prepare their summer hunting camps have found themselves cut off from home by a sea of mud, following early thaws. There are reports of igloos losing their insulating properties as the snow drips and refreezes, of lakes draining into the sea as permafrost melts, and sea ice breaking up earlier than usual, carrying seals beyond the reach of hunters. Climate change may still be a rather abstract idea to most of us, but in the Arctic it is already having dramatic effects- if summertime ice continues to shrink at its present rate, the Arctic Ocean could soon become virtually ice-free in summer. The knock- on effects are likely to include more warming, cloudier skies, increased precipitation and higher sea levels. Scientists are increasingly keen to find out what’s going on because they consider the Arctic the ‘canary in the mine’ for global warming - a warning of what’s in store for the rest of the World. For the Inuit the problem is urgent. They live in precarious balance with one of the toughest environments on earth. Climate change, whatever its causes, is a direct threat to their way of life. Nobody knows the Arctic as well as the locals, which is why they are not content simply to stand back and let outside experts tell them what’s happening. In Canada, where the Inuit people are jealously guarding their hard-won autonomy in the country’s newest territory, Nunavut, they believe their best hope of survival in this changing environment lies in combining their ancestral knowledge with the best of modern science. This is a challenge in itself.

• ALower temperature inside igloos
• BMud in the sea
• CDifficulty in hunting seals
• DHigher levels of ice
• EMore rainfall
• FTough environment

In the past, learning English as a separate subject seemed relatively easy. The textbook selected and graded items of language which were put into context and then practised intensively. New items were carefully controlled so that the student could cope quite easily. Now that English is used as a medium of instruction, however, all this has changed. Unknown items of grammar and vocabulary appear in texts which attempt to explain new and often difficult information. Difficulties with the language interact with difficulties as regards the subject matter. The student’s reading in his own subject slows down, and his comprehension becomes less secure. He expresses himself slowly and often fails to convey his ideas exactly. He is disappointed to find that under pressure he makes a lot of unnecessary mistakes in areas where he knows the correct language forms. His social relations are difficult as he cannot find the right phrase quickly enough to keep a conversation going, so his language often betrays him into dullness, coldness, or worst of all, rudeness. Instead of the student being in control of the language, the language seems now to be in control of the student. All this can be very depressing and the student can start to feel anxious. Working in a foreign language is also very tiring, and the concentration and self-discipline required to correct one’s mistake is very great indeed.

• ALearning of English as a subject is the more difficult part.
• BLearning of English as a medium of instruction is the more difficult part.
• CLanguage may hinder understanding of the subject.
• DLearning of English as a medium of instruction is the easier part.
• ELearning of English as a subject is the easier part.